This week, we are pleased to feature a guest post from U.Va. alum (CLAS ’12) and Special Collections volunteer Emma Whittington:
Tucked neatly into 94 boxes housed in the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library reside the fragments of the life of a man that many people — all over the world — know more about than they might think. Postcards, documents marked “Top Secret,” notes written on Buckingham Palace stationery, drafts of novels, and hundreds of photo negatives make up the archive of one of the most fascinating Brits of the 20th century. His name is Maclean, Fitzroy Maclean. And he is widely believed to be one of the inspirations for Ian Fleming’s famous character, James Bond.
Maclean was a Scottish soldier, politician, diplomat, author, and pundit who traveled extensively throughout his career, spending time in London, Paris, Moscow, Cairo, Yugoslavia, and almost everywhere in between. Quickly promoted up the ranks in all of the many positions he held, Maclean is remembered for his adventurous spirit and contributions to British allied efforts during WWII, numerous books (spy novels, biographies, and autobiographies), extensive travel reporting to the government from remote parts of Central Asia, and numerous friendships with such people as Winston Churchill, Josip Broz ‘Tito,’ Prince Charles, and the Queen Mother herself.
The University of Virginia Library acquired his papers in 1998, and they have been accessible to researchers ever since. The collection, which contains correspondence, manuscripts, typescripts, newspapers, memorabilia, and many other kinds of artifacts, vividly tells the story of one man’s rise to the upper ranks of the British Foreign Service through talent, determination, and a sense of adventure.
Early career letters paint the portrait of a confident, adept worker—for example, a letter from an official with the British Foreign Service addressed to Maclean’s father praises the boy as quicker than other staff members and one to watch out for. Later letters talk of Maclean’s reassignments: first to Paris, then to Moscow—where he was given just under a year to master Russian in his own free time and on his own dime. Maclean did just that, and his skilled reporting on the political climate in Russia brought him recognition from British officials of the highest order. Winston Churchill himself decided in 1943 that Maclean would be dropped into Bosnia by parachute to work as the British representative to Yugoslavian dictator Josip Broz Tito. There, Maclean befriended the Dictator, reporting back to Churchill that Tito should receive British support for his anti-German war efforts. Maclean’s hard work in Yugoslavia remains one of his best-known legacies, and his original, Top Secret reports provide a first-hand look at his determined work ethic. The memos, written in a journalistic style and sent out as reports to the British government, helped British officials understand the culture and political climate of the area where Maclean was stationed. This was crucial work during the Cold War era, as Tito has been considered the brainpower behind the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), a group of states which deemed itself “outside” either of the major Cold War power blocs. Maclean’s understanding of the Yugoslavian nation and mindset better informed Western Bloc leaders of how best to interact with the NAM’s most prominent member.
It is this same dutiful—and adventurous—spirit which has lead many to believe Maclean was the inspiration for Bond. Well, that and the fact Maclean and Ian Fleming were close personal friends. Their relationship is one of many stories told through the Papers. A photo of Maclean’s shows Fleming casually stirring a cup of coffee on a lazy afternoon in the countryside together (Box 79). Two letters from Fleming focus on Maclean’s own endeavors as a writer (he published the very successful, autobiographical book Eastern Approaches in 1949—four years before Fleming would publish his first Bond novel, Casino Royale). One of the letters, sent to Approaches publisher Jonathan Cape, shows that Fleming had read Maclean’s book carefully. He writes that Parts I & II of Approaches are “beautifully written and of absorbing interest,” and continues by advising Maclean to cut out sections in which he feels the Brigadier comes off too pompously. He concludes:
It is such a magnificent book and I have so much admiration and affection for Fitzroy that I would like him to avoid the criticisms which he will get from many who don’t know him as well as I do.
If it would be any help please don’t hesitate to show him this letter. I have no hesitation in being cruel with the intention of being kind!
Alas, I expect it is too late.
Yours ever,
IAN.
The letter shows that Fleming was not only acquainted with the details of Maclean’s personal life, he was fascinated by it. Perhaps fascinated enough that some of Maclean’s adventures seeped their way into Fleming’s own novels?
Of course, if we are to believe that Maclean was an inspiration for the character James Bond, his records should be chock-full of examples of a glamorous and cosmopolitan life. No “International Man of Mystery” archive could be complete without signed autographs from movie stars and personal thank you notes from the Queen Mother herself. It seems that Lauren Bacall actually introduced Maclean to a well-known American whiskey, writing on a small autograph card: “Here is that Jack Daniels I promised you — perhaps you will become addicted to it as I have. Enjoy it.” Did the ‘real’ Bond prefer bourbon and ginger to the infamous ‘martini, shaken not stirred’?
Also fascinating are several invitations from Prince Charles to come over for tea, and handwritten notes from Queen Elizabeth thanking him for the gift of a rhododendron plant and one of his very own ‘spy story’ collections, Take Nine Spies. In Box 4 of the Papers, on a handwritten note dated July 17th, 1978, the Queen Mother writes:
Dear Sir Fitzroy, It was so very kind of you to give me a copy of your absorbing and fascinating book, “Take Nine Spies,” and I have enjoyed reading it more than any book that I have read for years. What research it must have entailed, the dates and the details and the personalities are legion, making each spy story unwind better than the most exciting detective thriller — what an anxious and desperate life it must be, to be a spy! They none of them seem to be at all happy! Thank you so much indeed for your kindness in giving me such a delightful gift, and for giving me such pleasure. With my love to Veronica, and I hope that you will both come again to Royal Lodge, I am, ever yours sincerely, Elizabeth R
As fun as it is to sleuth-out whether Bond is based on the real-life Maclean, there’s not too much detective work that needs to be done: The Papers’ impressive breadth tells the story well. The real value of the Papers is the insight they provide into an era contemporary historians continue to study with avid interest. Such a vast source of primary documents and once-classified information is of high value as we continue to evaluate and analyze the legacy of The Cold War. With Cold War-era motifs like espionage being continually showcased in today’s pop culture—think Archer, Mad Men, and the latest Bond installment, Skyfall—it’s truly impressive to be able to learn about a real-life soldier whose quick wit and hard work brought him adventure in a time of great political strife. Professor, scholar, historian, and pop culture junkie alike will find something of interest in the paper trail left behind by one Sir Fitzroy Maclean.
-Emma Whittington, CLAS ‘12
I am trying to lcoate a book which I once read by Fitzroy Maclean. As I remeber the title, I thought it was “The Far Frontiers”. It is divided into 3 sections. The first is with Maclena as youngDiplomat in Rusia and he travels to Ulan Bator; the middle section is with Desert Rates in North Africa and the third and final is with Tito in Yougoslavia. I foollishly loaned my copy to someone who never retgrned it and I have been trying to replace it ever since. Can you assist? Have I the title incorrectly or has ait been reprinte dunder another title?
I’m not aware of a book by that title. One of his books is called “The Back of Beyond,” which sounds a bit similar, but I don’t know whether it’s autobiographical. Wish I could help more!
The book is called Eastern Approaches, and should be available since it was reprinted as recently as 2009. I have just finished reading it in a 1949 edition. It is a book that gets more timely and more interesting as documents become declassified. I hope you locate a copy.
Google Fitzroy McLean and you’ll find links to his books. Thrift books has them and so does Amazon.
what were the names of the british forces landed Yugoslavia with Fitzroy maclean from 1943 as only 3 names are mentioned in the book eastern approaches
Good question! If you want us to research this for you in the McLean collection, you can submit a reference request using our reference sytem. First, take a look at the McLean finding aid to see if it answers your question, and if not, to determine which sections of the collection you would like us to look into. The finding aid is located here and the reference request form may be found here.
Molly
Have you come across a Sgt E.C.Campbell who was with Fitzroy in 1943. Ted was my mentor in the army in the 60’s, I am trying to build his history during the war years. Ted would never speak about his service, I am lead to believe he was SOE.
If you have anything relating to Ted, would it be to much to email the details.
Tony
Eastern Approaches the ISBN No is 0-14-013271-6. Published by the PenGuin Books. Amazon UK were selling them for about £3.00 a couple of months ago.
Hope this helps. It includes his runs into Russia and places like Tashkent.Then goes on to his time with Tito.
Tony
He also has 2 wonderful travel books filled with insight and history into the Caucasus and Central Asia (both written when these regions were part of the USSR). They are both long out of print but can be relatively easy to find used online. To The Back of Beyond (Central Asia) and To Caucasus The End of All The Earth.
I read a book by Fitzroy Maclean as a young lad. It was about a trip across the North Sea, up the Rhine and down the Danube just prior to the second world war. I cannot find mention of it anywhere. Can anyone help?
It was a great book. I’m not sure if it was fiction or not.
I believe this may be Eastern Approaches? But I notice strong similarities to this book by a different author, A Time of Gifts by Patrick Leigh Fermor: http://www.longitudebooks.com/find/p/67473/mcms.html
Hello Molly,
I think you are right! Many thanks for aiding my geriatric memory cells. I’m going to re-read both.
I’d love to see the photos of the Soviet state, just been reading Back to Bokhara and as is common with books of that age, it is sparsely illustrated